Ph.D. in Space Physics and Astronomy, Rice University (1978). Dissertation title: A Quantitative Analysis of the Light Reflected from Venus.

Certificat de Langue et Litterature Francaises. Universite d'Aix-Marseille, Faculte des Lettres et Sciences Humaines d'Aix-en-Provence (1968). Mention bien.

M.S. in Space Physics and Astronomy, Rice University (1978). Thesis title: Anisotropic Scattering in the Clouds of Venus.

M.S. in Physics, Purdue University (1972). Nuclear instrumentation.

B.S. in Physics, University of New Orleans (1971). Strong interest in Mathematics and French.